yum remove abc 但是注意了，yum删掉会把很多附带的都删掉，比如绝对不能remove python这样的东西，还有gcc。这些都是系统的底层，你不要可以不用，或者停掉，一般很少去删依赖特别多的服务
相城ssl适用于网站、小程序/APP、API接口等需要进行数据传输应用场景，ssl证书未来市场广阔！成为创新互联公司的ssl证书销售渠道，可以享受市场价格4-6折优惠！如果有意向欢迎电话联系或者加微信：028-86922220（备注：SSL证书合作）期待与您的合作！
运行Chkdsk工具
Windows7系统运行chkdsk工具的步骤
1、左键点击开始 - 运行2、在打开的运行窗口，我们输入：CMD，再点击：确定3、在管理员窗口，我们先复制chkdsk C: /f /r，再点击管理员左边的小方框，在下拉菜单中点击：编辑 - 粘贴，回车、管理员命令窗口出现：由于该卷正被另一进程使用，无法运行chkdsk。是否计划在下一次系统重新启动时检查此卷？（Y/N）
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ ceph osd pool create rbd1-data 32 32
pool 'rbd1-data' created
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ ceph osd pool ls
device_health_metrics
mypool
.rgw.root
default.rgw.log
default.rgw.control
default.rgw.meta
myrbd1
cephfs-metadata
cephfs-data
rbd1-data
在存储池启用rbd：
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ ceph osd pool application enable rbd1-data rbd
enabled application 'rbd' on pool 'rbd1-data'
初始化存储池：
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd pool init -p rbd1-data
创建存储池映像文件：
映像文件的管理都是rbd命令来执行，rbd可对映像执行创建，查看，删除，以及创建快照，克隆映像，删除快照，查看快照，快照回滚等管理操作
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd create data-img1 --size 3G --pool rbd1-data --image-format 2 --image-feature layering
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd create data-img2 --size 5G --pool rbd1-data --image-format 2 --image-feature layering
查看存储池映像文件
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd list --pool rbd1-data
data-img1
data-img2
列出映像更多信息
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd list --pool rbd1-data -l
NAME SIZE PARENT FMT PROT LOCK
data-img1 3 GiB 2
data-img2 5 GiB 2
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd --image data-img1 --pool rbd1-data info
rbd image 'data-img1':
size 3 GiB in 768 objects
order 22 (4 MiB objects)
snapshot_count: 0
id: 3ab91c6a62f5
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.3ab91c6a62f5
format: 2
features: layering
op_features:
flags:
create_timestamp: Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021
access_timestamp: Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021
modify_timestamp: Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd --image data-img1 --pool rbd1-data info --format json --pretty-format
{
"name": "data-img1",
"id": "3ab91c6a62f5",
"size": 3221225472,
"objects": 768,
"order": 22,
"object_size": 4194304,
"snapshot_count": 0,
"block_name_prefix": "rbd_data.3ab91c6a62f5",
"format": 2,
"features": [
"layering"
],
"op_features": [],
"flags": [],
"create_timestamp": "Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021",
"access_timestamp": "Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021",
"modify_timestamp": "Thu Sep 2 06:48:11 2021"
}
镜像(映像)特性的启用和禁用
特性包括：
layering支持分层快照特性 默认开启
striping条带化
exclusive-lock：支持独占锁 默认开启
object-map 支持对象映射，加速数据导入导出及已用空间特性统计等 默认开启
fast-diff 快速计算对象和快找数据差异对比 默认开启
deep-flatten 支持快照扁平化操作 默认开启
journaling 是否记录日志
开启：
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature enable object-map --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature enable fast-diff --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature enable exclusive-lock --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
禁止：
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature disable object-map --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature disable fast-diff --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
ceph@ceph-deploy:~/ceph-cluster$ rbd feature disable exclusive-lock --pool rbd1-data --image data-img1
客户端使用块设备：
首先要安装ceph-comman，配置授权
[root@ceph-client1 ceph_data]# yum install -y
[root@ceph-client1 ceph_data]# yum install ceph-common -y
授权,
ceph@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph$ sudo -i
root@ceph-deploy:~# cd /etc/ceph/
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# scp ceph.conf ceph.client.admin.keyring root@192.168.241.21:/etc/ceph
ubuntu系统：
root@ceph-client2:/var/lib/ceph# apt install -y ceph-common
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# sudo scp ceph.conf ceph.client.admin.keyring ceph@192.168.241.22:/tmp
ceph@192.168.241.22's password:
ceph.conf 100% 270 117.7KB/s 00:00
ceph.client.admin.keyring
root@ceph-client2:/var/lib/ceph# cd /etc/ceph/
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# cp /tmp/ceph.c* /etc/ceph/
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# ll /etc/ceph/
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 26 07:58 ./
drwxr-xr-x 84 root root 4096 Aug 26 07:49 ../
-rw------- 1 root root 151 Sep 2 07:24 ceph.client.admin.keyring
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 270 Sep 2 07:24 ceph.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 Jul 8 07:17 rbdmap
-rw------- 1 root root 0 Aug 26 07:58 tmpmhFvZ7
客户端映射镜像
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# rbd -p rbd1-data map data-img1
rbd: sysfs write failed
RBD image feature set mismatch. You can disable features unsupported by the kernel with "rbd feature disable rbd1-data/data-img1 object-map fast-diff".
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try "dmesg | tail".
rbd: map failed: (6) No such device or address
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# rbd feature disable rbd1-data/data-img1 object-map fast-diff
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# rbd -p rbd1-data map data-img1
/dev/rbd0
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# rbd -p rbd1-data map data-img2
格式化块设备admin映射映像文件
查看块设备
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 0 20G 0 part /
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
rbd0 252:0 0 3G 0 disk
rbd1 252:16 0 5G 0 disk
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# mkfs.ext4 /dev/rbd1
mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 168b99e6-a3d7-4dc6-9c69-76ce8b42f636
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
挂在挂设备
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# mkdir /data/data1 -p
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# mount /dev/rbd1 /data/data1/
验证写入数据：
root@ceph-client2:/etc/ceph# cd /data/data1/
root@ceph-client2:/data/data1# cp /var/log/ . -r
root@ceph-client2:/data/data1# ceph df
--- RAW STORAGE ---
CLASS SIZE AVAIL USED RAW USED %RAW USED
hdd 220 GiB 213 GiB 7.4 GiB 7.4 GiB 3.37
TOTAL 220 GiB 213 GiB 7.4 GiB 7.4 GiB 3.37
--- POOLS ---
POOL ID PGS STORED OBJECTS USED %USED MAX AVAIL
device_health_metrics 1 1 0 B 0 0 B 0 66 GiB
mypool 2 32 1.2 MiB 1 3.5 MiB 0 66 GiB
.rgw.root 3 32 1.3 KiB 4 48 KiB 0 66 GiB
default.rgw.log 4 32 3.6 KiB 209 408 KiB 0 66 GiB
default.rgw.control 5 32 0 B 8 0 B 0 66 GiB
default.rgw.meta 6 8 0 B 0 0 B 0 66 GiB
myrbd1 7 64 829 MiB 223 2.4 GiB 1.20 66 GiB
cephfs-metadata 8 32 563 KiB 23 1.7 MiB 0 66 GiB
cephfs-data 9 64 455 MiB 129 1.3 GiB 0.66 66 GiB
rbd1-data 10 32 124 MiB 51 373 MiB 0.18 66 GiB
创建普通用户并授权
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# ceph auth add client.huahualin mon "allow rw" osd "allow rwx pool=rbd1-data"
added key for client.huahualin
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# ceph-authtool --create-keyring ceph.client.huahualin.keyring
creating ceph.client.huahualin.keyring
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# ceph auth get client.huahualin -o ceph.client.huahualin.keyring
exported keyring for client.huahualin
使用普通用户创建rbd
root@ceph-deploy:/etc/ceph# scp ceph.conf ceph.client.huahualin.keyring root@192.168.241.21:/etc/ceph/
普通用户映射镜像
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# rbd --user huahualin --pool rbd1-data map data-img2
/dev/rbd0
使用普通用户挂载rbd
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/rbd0
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/rbd0
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# mkdir /data
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# mount /dev/rbd0 /data
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 7.7M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 37G 1.7G 36G 5% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 138M 877M 14% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
192.168.241.12:6789:/ ceph 67G 456M 67G 1% /ceph_data
/dev/rbd0 ext4 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /data
挂载rbd后会自动加载模块libceph.ko
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# lsmod |grep ceph
ceph 363016 1
libceph 306750 2 rbd,ceph
dns_resolver 13140 1 libceph
libcrc32c 12644 4 xfs,libceph,nf_nat,nf_conntrack
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# modinfo libceph
filename: /lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64/kernel/net/ceph/libceph.ko.xz
license: GPL
description: Ceph core library
author: Patience Warnick patience@newdream.net
author: Yehuda Sadeh yehuda@hq.newdream.net
author: Sage Weil sage@newdream.net
retpoline: Y
rhelversion: 7.9
srcversion: D4ABB648AE8130ECF90AA3F
depends: libcrc32c,dns_resolver
intree: Y
vermagic: 3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions
signer: CentOS Linux kernel signing key
sig_key: E1:FD:B0:E2:A7:E8:61:A1:D1:CA:80:A2:3D:CF:0D:BA:3A:A4:AD:F5
sig_hashalgo: sha256
如果镜像空间不够用了，我们可以做镜像空间的拉伸，一般不建议减小
查看rdb1-data存储池的镜像
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# rbd ls -p rbd1-data -l
NAME SIZE PARENT FMT PROT LOCK
data-img1 3 GiB 2
data-img2 5 GiB 2
比如data-img2空间不够了，需要拉伸，将data-img2扩展到8G
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# rbd resize --pool rbd1-data --image data-img2 --size 8G
Resizing image: 100% complete...done.
可以通过fdisk -l查看镜像空间大小，但是通过df -h就看不到
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 39G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 37G 0 lvm /
└─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
rbd0 252:0 0 8G 0 disk /data
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/rbd0
Disk /dev/rbd0: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4194304 bytes / 4194304 bytes
将挂载设置开机启动
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# vi /etc/rc.d/rc.local
rbd --user huahualin --pool rbd1-data map data-img2
mount /dev/rbd0 /data
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@ceph-client1 ~]# reboot
