Linux常用命令笔记---网络管理

[root@szm X11]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

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DEVICE=eth0

HWADDR=00:0c:29:1e:5e:57

NM_CONTROLLED=yes

ONBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=dhcp

TYPE=Ethernet

USERCTL=no

PEERDNS=yes

IPV6INIT=no

IPADDR NETMASK HWADDR TYPE(指定网络类型)

[root@szm X11]# ifconfig --help

Usage:

ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] [[]

]

[add

[/]]

[del

[/]]

[[-]broadcast [

]] [[-]pointopoint [

]]

[netmask

] [dstaddr

] [tunnel

]

[outfill ] [keepalive ]

[hw

] [metric ] [mtu ]

[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]

[multicast] [[-]promisc]

[mem_start ] [io_addr ] [irq ] [media ]

[txqueuelen ]

[[-]dynamic]

[up|down] ...

=Hardware Type.

List of possible hardware types:

loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)

slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)

strip (Metricom Starmode IP) ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet)

tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring) tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring (New)) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)

netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)

ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)

arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)

sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)

irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)

infiniband (InfiniBand)

=Address family. Default: inet

List of possible address families:

unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)

ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)

ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)

ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)

[root@szm X11]#

[root@szm X11]# ifdown eth0

Device state: 3 (disconnected)

[root@szm X11]# ifup eth0

Active connection state: activating

Active connection path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1

state: activated

Connection activated

[root@szm X11]# ip --help

Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }

ip [ -force ] -batch filename

where OBJECT := { link | addr | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |

tunnel | maddr | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm }

OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics]（详细） | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |

-f[amily]（特定协议信息） { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | link } |

-o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -b[atch] [filename] |

-rc[vbuf] [size]}

[root@szm X11]#

[root@szm X11]# ethtool --help

-i -driver 查看网卡驱动程序

-s -change 调整网卡的功能，后面接网卡的工作模式

[root@szm X11]# ifconfig -a

eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1E:5E:57

inet addr:192.168.179.136 Bcast:192.168.179.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1e:5e57/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:9171 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:5585 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:12058919 (11.5 MiB) TX bytes:381322 (372.3 KiB)

Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2024

lo Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0

inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1

RX packets:216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:0

RX bytes:33535 (32.7 KiB) TX bytes:33535 (32.7 KiB)

virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:99:86:A0

inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:27 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:0

RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:3785 (3.6 KiB)

virbr0-nic Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:99:86:A0

BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:500

RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

[root@szm ~]# ifconfig eth0:2 192.168.179.222 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

[root@szm ~]# ifconfig eth0:2

eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1E:5E:57

inet addr:192.168.179.222 Bcast:192.168.179.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2024

[root@szm ~]# ping 192.168.179.222 -c1

PING 192.168.179.222 (192.168.179.222) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 192.168.179.222: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.86 ms

--- 192.168.179.222 ping statistics ---

1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 2ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.863/1.863/1.863/0.000 ms

[root@szm ~]# ip addr show

1: lo: mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:1e:5e:57 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 192.168.179.136/24 brd 192.168.179.255 scope global eth0

inet 192.168.179.222/24 brd 192.168.179.255 scope global secondary eth0:2

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe1e:5e57/64 scope link

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

3: virbr0: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN

link/ether 52:54:00:99:86:a0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0

4: virbr0-nic: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN qlen 500

link/ether 52:54:00:99:86:a0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

[root@szm ~]# ethtool eth0

Settings for eth0:

Supported ports: [ TP ]

Supported link modes: 1000baseT/Full

Supported pause frame use: No

Supports auto-negotiation: No

Advertised link modes: Not reported

Advertised pause frame use: No

Advertised auto-negotiation: No

Speed: 1000Mb/s

Duplex: Full

Port: Twisted Pair

PHYAD: 0

Transceiver: internal

Auto-negotiation: off

MDI-X: Unknown

Link detected: yes

[root@szm network-scripts]# route --helo

route: unrecognized option '--helo'

Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [] List kernel routing tables

route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ... Modify routing table for AF.

route {-h|--help} [] Detailed usage syntax for specified AF.

route {-V|--version} Display version/author and exit.

-v, --verbose be verbose

-n, --numeric don't resolve names

-e, --extend display other/more information

-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)

-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB

=Use '-A ' or '--'; default: inet

List of possible address families (which support routing):

inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)

netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)

x25 (CCITT X.25)

[root@szm network-scripts]# route -n

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

192.168.179.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0

192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0

0.0.0.0 192.168.179.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

添加路由：

[root@szm network-scripts]# route add -net 192.168.179.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.179.2

[root@szm network-scripts]# route -n

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

192.168.179.0 192.168.179.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

192.168.179.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0

192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0

0.0.0.0 192.168.179.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

删除默认网关：

[root@szm network-scripts]# route del default

[root@szm network-scripts]# route -n

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

192.168.179.0 192.168.179.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

192.168.179.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0

192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0

添加默认网关：

[root@szm network-scripts]# route add default gw 192.168.179.2

[root@szm network-scripts]# route -n

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

192.168.179.0 192.168.179.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

192.168.179.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0

192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0

0.0.0.0 192.168.179.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

DNS：

[root@szm network-scripts]# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1localhost.localdomainlocalhost

::1szmlocalhost6.localdomain6localhost6

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname --help

Usage: hostname [-v] {hostname|-F file} set hostname (from file)

domainname [-v] {nisdomain|-F file} set NIS domainname (from file)

hostname [-v] [-d|-f|-s|-a|-i|-y|-A|-I] display formatted name

hostname [-v] display hostname

hostname -V|--version|-h|--help print info and exit

dnsdomainname=hostname -d, {yp,nis,}domainname=hostname -y

-s, --short short host name

-a, --alias alias names

-i, --ip-address addresses for the hostname

-I, --all-ip-addresses all addresses for the host

-f, --fqdn, --long long host name (FQDN)

-A, --all-fqdns all long host names (FQDNs)

-d, --domain DNS domain name

-y, --yp, --nis NIS/YP domainname

-F, --file read hostname or NIS domainname from given file

This command can read or set the hostname or the NIS domainname. You can

also read the DNS domain or the FQDN (fully qualified domain name).

Unless you are using bind or NIS for host lookups you can change the

FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) and the DNS domain name (which is

part of the FQDN) in the /etc/hosts file.

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname -f

szm

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname -s

szm

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname -a

localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6

修改主机名：

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname www.szmtest.com（一次修改）

[root@szm network-scripts]# hostname

www.szmtest.com

[root@szm network-scripts]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network（永久生效）

HOSTNAME=szm

NETWORKING=yes

NISDOMAIN=qq

DNS解析服务器：

[root@szm network-scripts]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

# Generated by NetworkManager

domain localdomain

search localdomain-----------自动使用参数后面提供域名将主机别名补全为FQDN

nameserver 192.168.179.2-----最多可以指定三台DNS服务器

验证DNS工具：gethostip host dig nslookup

[root@szm network-scripts]# gethostip localhost(配置文件/etc/nsswitch.conf)

会去查询：/etc/hosts /etc/resov.conf

localhost.localdomain 127.0.0.1 7F000001

[root@szm network-scripts]# host localhost

localhost.localdomain has address 127.0.0.1

[root@szm network-scripts]# host 192.168.179.132

132.179.168.192.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer bogon.

dig与nslookup命令只会查询/etc/resolv.conf不会查询/etc/hosts

[root@szm network-scripts]# nslookup www.baidu.com

Server: 192.168.179.2

Address:192.168.179.2#53

Non-authoritative answer:

www.baidu.comcanonical name = www.a.shifen.com.

Name:www.a.shifen.com

Address: 61.135.169.105

Name:www.a.shifen.com

Address: 61.135.169.125

网络监控工具：tcpdump netstat wireshark

[root@szm network-scripts]# ping --help

ping: invalid option -- '-'

Usage: ping [-LRUbdfnqrvVaA] [-c count][-i interval](时间间隔) [-w deadline]

[-p pattern] [-s packetsize]（大小） [-t ttl] [-I interface or address]

[-M mtu discovery hint] [-S sndbuf]

[ -T timestamp option ] [ -Q tos ] [hop1 ...] destination

f：洪水***，以最快的速度发出回应请求，每个请求显示一个“.”

[root@szm network-scripts]# tcpdump --help

tcpdump version 4.1-PRE-CVS_2012_03_26

libpcap version 1.0.0

Usage: tcpdump [-aAdDefIKlLnNOpqRStuUvxX] [ -B size ] [ -c count ]

[ -C file_size ] [ -E algo:secret ] [ -F file ] [ -G seconds ]

[ -i interface ] [ -M secret ] [ -r file ]

[ -s snaplen ] [ -T type ] [ -w file ] [ -W filecount ]

[ -y datalinktype ] [ -z command ] [ -Z user ]

[ expression ]

-e：显示数据链接的包头信息

-n：显示主机的IP地址

-s：查看数据包的第一个Packetlen字节的信息

-v -vv -vvv：详细、非常详细地显示数据包信息

-w：将过滤结果用进进制方式存储在指定的文件内

-r：查看使用-w参数搜索过滤结果

[root@szm network-scripts]# authconfig-tui

[root@szm network-scripts]# system-config-authentication

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